Stock markets have fallen sharply in response to far-reaching plans by Barack Obama to curb the activities of the biggest US banks.The Dow Jones closed down 2%, its worst fall since October, while Japan's Nikkei was down early on Friday.
Shares in major US banks Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan and Bank of America all fell.
Mr Obama - who said he was "ready for a fight" with banks - plans to limit the size of banks and impose restrictions on risky trading.
"Never again will the American taxpayer be held hostage by banks that are too big to fail," Mr Obama said.
Limiting risk taking
"While the financial system is far stronger today than it was one year ago, it is still operating under the exact same rules that led to its near collapse," Mr Obama said.
His proposals may mean that some of the biggest US banks have to be broken up.
They also include a ban on retail banks using their own money in investments - known as proprietary trading. Instead, banks would be limited to investing their customers' funds.
That attitude brought an immediate reaction from the markets.
Investment banking giant Goldman Sachs lost more than 4% despite announcing a sharp increase in profits. Bank of America fell 6.2% and shares in JP Morgan Chase were down 6.6%.
"Banking reforms do not come bigger than those proposed by President Obama," the BBC's business editor Robert Peston said.
Fighting talk
Mr Obama's move is his first proposal since Republican Scott Brown's shock victory in Massachusetts to win a Senate seat.
The Republican victory may make it harder to get Mr Obama's proposals passed in the Senate, as they are more likely to get held up in political wrangling.
"This is a political effort because of what happened in Massachusetts," said economist Peter Morici of the University of Maryland.
Banks have also been lobbying against more stringent regulation.
"If these folks want a fight, it's a fight I'm ready to have," Mr Obama vowed.
The president dubbed his proposals on limiting bank risk the Volcker rule - after Paul Volcker, one of his economic advisors and a former chairman of the Federal Reserve central bank.
The moves follow popular anger at financial institutions, who have been paying large bonuses to staff even as they accepted government bail-outs to keep them going.
Mr Obama's proposals appear to be a return to the principles underlying the Glass-Steagall Act.
That law - from the 1930s in the aftermath of the Great Depression - separated commercial and investment banking and was eventually abolished in 1999 under President Bill Clinton.
Mr Clinton's financial secretary at the time, Robert Rubin, previously worked at Goldman Sachs and went on to be an adviser to Citigroup until last year.
The latest proposals follow a $117bn (£72bn) levy on banks to recoup money US taxpayers spent bailing out the banks.
The tax will claw back some of the losses from a $700bn taxpayer bail-out of US banks known as the Troubled Asset Relief Program (Tarp).
It was drawn up in the midst of the financial crisis in 2008, following the collapse of US investment bank Lehman Brothers and rescue of insurance giant American International Group (AIG).
The industry lobby group for banks suggested Mr Obama was trying to return the US to the past.
"The better answer is to modernise the regulatory framework and not take the industry and the economy back to the 1930s," said the Financial Services Roundtable, an industry group that represents large Wall Street institutions.
In the UK, City Minister Lord Myners said the US proposals were "very much in accordance with the direction we have been setting".
While shadow chancellor George Osborne said that if the Conservatives won the next general election, they would impose an identical dismantling of UK banks to those suggested by the US president.
Shares in major US banks Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan and Bank of America all fell.
Mr Obama - who said he was "ready for a fight" with banks - plans to limit the size of banks and impose restrictions on risky trading.
"Never again will the American taxpayer be held hostage by banks that are too big to fail," Mr Obama said.
Limiting risk taking
"While the financial system is far stronger today than it was one year ago, it is still operating under the exact same rules that led to its near collapse," Mr Obama said.
His proposals may mean that some of the biggest US banks have to be broken up.
They also include a ban on retail banks using their own money in investments - known as proprietary trading. Instead, banks would be limited to investing their customers' funds.
That attitude brought an immediate reaction from the markets.
Investment banking giant Goldman Sachs lost more than 4% despite announcing a sharp increase in profits. Bank of America fell 6.2% and shares in JP Morgan Chase were down 6.6%.
"Banking reforms do not come bigger than those proposed by President Obama," the BBC's business editor Robert Peston said.
Fighting talk
Mr Obama's move is his first proposal since Republican Scott Brown's shock victory in Massachusetts to win a Senate seat.
The Republican victory may make it harder to get Mr Obama's proposals passed in the Senate, as they are more likely to get held up in political wrangling.
"This is a political effort because of what happened in Massachusetts," said economist Peter Morici of the University of Maryland.
Banks have also been lobbying against more stringent regulation.
"If these folks want a fight, it's a fight I'm ready to have," Mr Obama vowed.
The president dubbed his proposals on limiting bank risk the Volcker rule - after Paul Volcker, one of his economic advisors and a former chairman of the Federal Reserve central bank.
The moves follow popular anger at financial institutions, who have been paying large bonuses to staff even as they accepted government bail-outs to keep them going.
Mr Obama's proposals appear to be a return to the principles underlying the Glass-Steagall Act.
That law - from the 1930s in the aftermath of the Great Depression - separated commercial and investment banking and was eventually abolished in 1999 under President Bill Clinton.
Mr Clinton's financial secretary at the time, Robert Rubin, previously worked at Goldman Sachs and went on to be an adviser to Citigroup until last year.
The latest proposals follow a $117bn (£72bn) levy on banks to recoup money US taxpayers spent bailing out the banks.
The tax will claw back some of the losses from a $700bn taxpayer bail-out of US banks known as the Troubled Asset Relief Program (Tarp).
It was drawn up in the midst of the financial crisis in 2008, following the collapse of US investment bank Lehman Brothers and rescue of insurance giant American International Group (AIG).
The industry lobby group for banks suggested Mr Obama was trying to return the US to the past.
"The better answer is to modernise the regulatory framework and not take the industry and the economy back to the 1930s," said the Financial Services Roundtable, an industry group that represents large Wall Street institutions.
In the UK, City Minister Lord Myners said the US proposals were "very much in accordance with the direction we have been setting".
While shadow chancellor George Osborne said that if the Conservatives won the next general election, they would impose an identical dismantling of UK banks to those suggested by the US president.
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